01 December 2025, 11:44 AM IST
Dandruff is a common scalp issue that causes itching, visible flakes, and discomfort, but natural home remedies can help remove flakes and soothe the scalp without harsh chemicals
Annoyed by those stubborn white flakes on your shoulders? You’re not the only one. Dandruff can be frustrating and embarrassing, but the good news is you can fight it at home with simple remedies that soothe your scalp and reduce flakes naturally.
Understanding Dandruff: Causes and Mechanisms
Dandruff, medically classified as a mild form of seborrheic dermatitis, affects nearly 50% of adults at some point in their lives. It is characterised by visible white flakes on the scalp, persistent itching, and occasional redness. Contrary to popular belief, dandruff is not simply caused by a dry scalp. The primary factor is an accelerated turnover of skin cells on the scalp, which causes dead skin to shed in clumps.
The key microbial factor behind dandruff is Malassezia globosa, a yeast-like fungus that naturally resides on the scalps of most adults. This fungus feeds on sebum (natural oils produced by the scalp), and in sensitive individuals, it produces oleic acid as a byproduct. The scalp reacts to oleic acid with inflammation, irritation, and accelerated skin cell production, leading to the visible flakes characteristic of dandruff. Research also indicates that high levels of stress, hormonal fluctuations, climatic changes, and irregular hair hygiene can exacerbate the condition.
Scientific Insights into Home Remedies
Several natural remedies have demonstrated antifungal, anti-inflammatory, or exfoliating properties, making them effective in managing dandruff.
Tea tree oil contains terpinen-4-ol, a compound with potent antifungal and antimicrobial properties. A 2002 clinical study published in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology found that a 5% tea tree oil shampoo reduced dandruff severity by up to 41% over four weeks. For safe application, dilute 5–10 drops in a regular shampoo, as undiluted oil can irritate the scalp.
- Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV)
ACV is acidic in nature and helps restore the scalp’s natural pH (typically around 4.5–5.5). Maintaining an acidic environment inhibits Malassezia growth. Studies have shown that ACV rinses reduce flaking and alleviate itching by controlling microbial overgrowth and removing excess sebum. For application, mix equal parts ACV and water, leave on the scalp for 2–3 minutes, and rinse thoroughly.
Salicylic acid is a keratolytic agent, meaning it helps exfoliate dead skin cells. Aspirin contains acetylsalicylic acid, which functions similarly. Crushed aspirin can be mixed with shampoo and applied to the scalp to reduce flakiness. This method helps improve the effectiveness of antifungal shampoos by allowing them to penetrate more deeply.
Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) acts as a gentle exfoliant and helps neutralise scalp pH. Its antifungal properties assist in reducing Malassezia proliferation. A small amount applied directly to wet hair for a brief scrub, followed by thorough rinsing, can reduce both flakes and scalp oiliness.
Additional Considerations for Dandruff Management
- Dietary Factors: Diets high in sugar and processed foods may exacerbate fungal overgrowth. Incorporating zinc, vitamin B6, and omega-3 fatty acids supports scalp health.
- Stress Management: Chronic stress has been linked to increased sebaceous gland activity and inflammatory responses, which can aggravate dandruff.
- Climate and Washing Routine: Overwashing can strip natural oils, while under-washing allows sebum accumulation. A balanced hair care routine is essential.
- Medical Treatments: For persistent or severe dandruff, antifungal shampoos containing ketoconazole, selenium sulfide, or zinc pyrithione are recommended.
Dandruff is a multifactorial condition, arising from microbial activity, sebaceous secretion, and individual scalp sensitivity. Natural home remedies like tea tree oil, ACV, aspirin, and baking soda can effectively control flakes and irritation. Regular scalp care, a balanced diet, and stress management further support long-term scalp health. While home remedies are safe for mild cases, individuals with chronic or severe dandruff should consult a dermatologist for targeted medical treatment.
(Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is for general informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult a dermatologist or healthcare professional before trying any new treatment, especially if you have underlying scalp conditions, allergies, or other health concerns. Individual results may vary.)
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